European Monetary Unions effect on Europe

European Monetary Unions effect on Europe A currency is a form of money and is used when purchasing goods or services. Coins and paper money are both forms of currency. There are different types of currency for each country, for example the UK has the Pound ( £), the USA has the US Dollar ($) and 15 member states of the European Union use the Euro (â‚ ¬). There are other currencies used all around the world. A person can exchange one currency for another but there is a rate at which it must be done, these are called exchange rates. Exchange rates are the rate at which one currency is worth in another currency, for example at todays current exchange rates  £1 will by a person $1.46. Businesses exchange money every day and in large amounts, this effects how much a currency is worth. Businesses exchange money to purchase goods in other countries, if there are a lot of businesses purchasing from one country their currency value will raise. This means the businesses will have to pay more of their currency to import goods. Even though the value of a currency can rise they can also fall in value as well. This happens when a currency is not in demand. Because the value of the currency is high businesses will not import from that particular country because it will be possible to get what they want from another country for less money. This will cause the value to fall. Even though people exchange money when going on holiday they do not play a big part in exchange rate fluctuation, it is businesses which cause the exchange rate of countries to change every day. The exchanges rates have two effects on businesses. One of them is that businesses need them to import and export goods to other countries, without them it is not possible because each country has a different form of type of currency. The other impact is that businesses make the exchange rates fluctuate making it more expensive or cheaper to purchase goods in other countries. The US dollar started to rise in value quite swiftly against the Euro and the Pound between July and September causing the value of the Euro and the Pound to plummet to all time lows. Before the euro was introduced the member states of the EU still used their own currencies, but the exchange rate of these currencies were always fluctuating. Following an Arab-Israeli war in October 1973. Middle Eastern oil production companies forced high prices and restricted sales to certain European countries, consequently this created economic problems throughout the EU. This gave birth to the European Monetary System (EMS). The EMS was an arrangement between the member states to link their currencies to prevent large fluctuations. The essential fundamental of the arrangement was the creation of the exchange rate mechanism (ERM) which was a system to help maintain stability for the currencies of the member states. This was done by setting limits an exchange rate could fluctuate in. The limit was 2.25% (6% for Italy), for example the pounds exchange rate could not increase by more than 2.25% and could not decrease by more than 2.25%. All currency values within the EU were tied t o the German mark because at that time their currency value was the Strongest. This was good economically because business could cope with small fluctuations. But what happened when a countries exchange rate reached its limits? This happened in September 1992 when the UK was forced out of the ERM. The value of the pound was decreasing and the government tried to keep the value within the ERM limits. They raised interest rates from 10% to 12% to 15% in one day and they spent large amounts of other currencies to buy pounds to try and increase the value of the pound. But it did not work and had to leave the ERM. Other currencies in the EU devalued and the French franc was the only currency to successfully defend itself from devaluing. The establishment of the ERM was the first time a single currency was thought possible. The signing of the Maastricht treaty in 1992 was when the EU made it an objective to bring a single currency (The Euro) to pass. The euro was launched in 1999 but only for commercial and financial transactions. Notes and coins were introduced in 2002. There were strict conditions to be met before a country could ascend to the euro. These included targets for inflation, interest rates and government debt. A European central bank was created to set interest rates for all member states that ascended to the euro. With the ongoing integration between the members of the EU and the continuing effort to make the trade of goods, services, people and capital easier, it was only a matter of time until the euro was launched. The ERM was designed to maintain the stability of exchange rates within the EU and was not very successful in doing this, so the EU had to come up with a better idea. This was the euro; this would remove the exchange rates when trading within the EU and make things more simple because businesses didnt have to worry about how much their currency was worth in another currency within the EU. This is also written on http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSECON/EC9.htm, it says Yet it was not an entirely successful move because it posed many technical difficulties in setting the correct rate for all member states and because some members were less committed to it than others Introducing the euro was inevitable because the ERM was not very successful in keeping all the exchange change rates within the EU stable and it was an objective for there to be a free movement of capital (money) between the member states of the EU. If there is to be a free movement of capital between the EU they would have to do away with exchange rates and create a currency for the member states to use. There are 5 economic tests for the UK to join the Euro. These were created by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1997, this was Gordon Brown. The tests are a set of conditions the UK has to pass for it to join the Euro. The key notion behind the test is whether the UK is able to handle the same monetary policy as the countries within the Euro zone. The first test is economic harmonisation. If the UK joins the Euro the UK will be in sync with the Euro zone. But if the UK was growing at a faster rate than the EU then the UK interest rates would have to be increased but then that would increase the interest rates of all the other countries within the Euro zone. This is because the interest rates in the Euro zone are controlled by the European Central Bank. But if there were harmonisation there is no guarantee that it would be on a permanent basis. The second test is flexibility and whether there would be enough of it. For example if the UK went into a recession would it be able to cope. The UK would have no authority over monetary policy and fiscal policy would be limited by the growth and stability pact. This would restrict the amount of government borrowing and consequently restrict the scale for expansionary fiscal policy. The third test is investment and the effect the Euro will have on it. Would the Euro create a better setting for firms making long-term decisions to invest in Britain? The fourth test is financial services and what affect the Euro will have on it. What influence would the Euro have over the financial services industry considering Londons financial sector has thrived in recent years would the Euro effect it in a bad way? The last test is growth and employment. Will the Euro encourage higher growth and stability? Also how will it affect employment, will it create a permanent increase in jobs or not? There is no evidence that it would. With all this said will it be in the national interest for the UK to join the Euro? There are advantages to joining the Euro. The advantages are, the Euro would end currency instability within the Euro zone and lower it outside it because the credibility of the Euro would increase because it is being used in most of Europe. Another advantage is people travelling from the UK would not have to exchange their money, encountering fewer restrictions when transferring large sums of money when going across borders. A further advantage is businesses wont have to pay hedging cost to insure themselves against the threat of currency fluctuations. Another advantage is there will be a lower interest rate. Also the stability pact will force EU countries into a system of fiscal responsibility. This will enhance the Euros credibility, which should lead to more investment, jobs and lower mortgages. Even though there are advantages there are also disadvantages to joining the Euro. The disadvantages ar e, if the UK government is required to conform to the stability pact they may be unable to battle a recession using fiscal policy. This is because the government will not be able to borrow as much money or cut taxes. Another disadvantage is the UK will have no control over interest rates as the European Central Bank controls interest rates within the Euro zone. A further disadvantage is the UK will lose its sovereignty. This means that the UK will have to work with other economically weaker countries, which are more tolerant to higher inflation. Another disadvantage is that the transfer between the pound and the Euro will cost a great deal. The British Retailing Consortium estimated that all British retailers will have to pay between  £1.7 billion and  £3.5 billion to make the essential changes. These changes include educating customers, changing labels, training staff, changing computer software and adjusting tills. The last disadvantage is the exchange rate would no longer bal ance Britains trade and capital flow with the rest of the world. It is difficult to say if it would be in the national interest of the UK to join the Euro as there are advantages and disadvantages. But nobody knows what will happen if the UK joins the Euro, we can only predict possibilities. It is wrong to say the UK will never join as there are advantages to joining the Euro but the UK will not be joining anytime soon. [1] http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/11/12/twelve_month.stm [2] http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/11/13/twelve_month.stm [3] http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/13/12/twelve_month.stm

Conservative vs Liberal

The 1964 Presidential election was an election that changed American history. For the first time since the 1932 Presidential election between Hoover and Roosevelt, the American population was able to choose a president from two candidates with opposing views and ideological mindsets. The United States was going through a time of change with protests, assassinations, and war, which caused social and political discomfort. After the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963, the country went into shock. Supporters of the charismatic Kennedy were deeply saddened feeling left without a leader with the same outlook and liberal mindset. Lyndon B. Johnson then took over the reign as President for the remaining year, hoping to carry out Kennedy’s ideologies and legislations. The following year during the 1964 Presidential race, he became the Democratic candidate, hoping to become re-elected as President. On the Republican side, Barry Goldwater was a renowned conservative, and after beating Governor Nelson Rockefeller, became the hope for all conservatives across the nation. In 1960, Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater established his conservative principles through The Conscience of a Conservative. Written at a time of great change in America with experiments in big government, the New Deal, and the climax of the Cold War, the views of Goldwater in the Conscience of a Conservative were looked at as revolutionary, yet controversial in the Republican eye. He believed and argued that freedom was the highest value in American society while also stating that compromising for something one does not believe in is unjust. In his book, Goldwater stated that he felt as though putting the power in the hands of a big government was not ideal. He believed that local small governments fit the best interest of the people. Goldwater said that we the people â€Å"can be conquered by bombs or by subversion; but we can also be conquered by neglect — by ignoring the Constitution and disregarding the principles of limited government† (Goldwater 14). He made it known that the power of the federal government in the hands of only a few could be seriously dangerous. He wrote in his book that American people â€Å"console themselves for being in tutelage by the reflection that they have chosen their own guardians. Every man allows himself to be put in lead-strings, because he sees that it is not a person nor a class of persons, but the people at large that hold the end of his chain† (Goldwater 25). Barry Goldwater made it clear through his book that freedom was vital in American society along with small state governments to support each individual person more directly. Lee Edwards states in the article HBO Hijacks Barry Goldwater’s Ideology that Goldwater â€Å"opposed the Bigs of America — Big Government, Big Business, Big Labor, and Big Media† (Edwards). While conservative Barry Goldwater stressed â€Å"in-state† ideologies and small governments, young adults and college students expressed their dire need for a leader. â€Å"The Port Huron Statement† was written at a Student for a Democratic Society (SDS) meeting in Port Huron, Michigan. Tom Hayden, a student at the University of Michigan, was the main leader and voice in the passionate proposal. He was a man who came from a working-class family in which honesty and justice were two main components in the way he lived his life. â€Å"The Port Huron Statement† was a manifestation of what the youth of America was feeling at the time. Most were dissatisfied with the way college administrators were trying to control their lives while others were frustrated that typical liberals were not supporting their freedom and civil rights movement efforts. They, unlike Goldwater, felt as though the federal government needed to play a much larger role in American society to dig them out of the nation’s widespread injustice. They expressed their frustration with a country that was once looked at as a nation of wealth, prosperity, and unlimited potential to now a nation with problems of degradation and war. In their statement they claimed, ‘â€Å"human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. ’ ‘†¦Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract â€Å"others† we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Levy 43). The SDS felt as though they could not let these two issues go unnoticed and made it clear in their statement when they said, â€Å"We might deliberately ignore, or avoid, or fail to feel all other human problems, but not these two, for these were too immediate and crushing in their impact, too challenging in the demand that we as individuals take the responsibility for encounter and resolution† (Levy 44). They showed other frustrations in such things like social classes and technology when they professed, â€Å"Although our own technology is destroying old and creating new forms of social organization, men still tolerate meaningless work and idleness. While two-thirds of mankind suffers under nourishment, our own upper classes revel amidst superfluous abundance† (Hayden). The SDS felt as though America as a whole was in a concrete hold with no direction on where to go. Throughout their statement they cried for leadership and reform and solid federal government to fix their needs. The SDS showed fear that such issues of overpopulation, degradation and racism, the need for advanced technology, economic and human spending in war, and fortification of totalitarian states would turn the land of opportunity into the regression of an era. The great change however in what the Student of a Democratic Society brought about was the thought of social issues. For once, citizens of America began thinking for themselves as opposed to relying on who was in charge. They had similarities with Goldwater in that they were extremists. They were the â€Å"New Left† and unlike American citizens before them, other than in the Civil Rights Movement, they felt as though head officials, including their college administrators, were out of line. Goldwater, although having completely different ideologies, was also considered an extremist in the Republican Party. He was looked at as being â€Å"The Far Right†. The SDS felt as though whoever was in charge of America needed to make a stand and fight for what they believed in, but unlike Goldwater, they did want a strong central government that could lead them out of their sorrows. Lyndon B. Johnson, the President at the time, felt it was his duty to fulfill the needs of America’s future. Like his fellow predecessor, President Kennedy had wanted to do during his Presidency, Johnson wanted to pass legislation to fill the needs of America. In May of 1964, President Johnson addressed the issues brought before him through a speech at the University of Michigan. President Johnson addressed the main issues of America and gave the students a direction in which the nation was now headed. He stated, â€Å"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization† (Levy 106). Johnson had a vision to build a society without poverty, racial discrimination and injustice, as well as a land of opportunity that was sought out by each individual to reach their own personal goals in life. It was portrayed in Peter Levy’s book, America in the Sixties-Right, Left, and Center, that the goals of Johnson were to not settle for a society that was just rich or powerful, but to develop a society that was â€Å"Great†. He wanted to have a society with unlimited growth and potential in which every citizen has the right to equality and a satisfying life. He shows this in his speech when he says, â€Å"build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society† (Levy 106). He felt as though the past should be no more, and that the future should hold a society in which all questions of race, prosperity, equality, and potential would not be left unanswered. The development of a Great Society was unlike anything Barry Goldwater supported. The foundation of this new society would put the power into the hands of the federal government, and although democratic, did its job in satisfying the needs of the people but under the supervision of a select few. The Great Society set off a chain reaction of revolutionary and fulfilling acts and reforms in the mid-1960s. While the main goals were to eliminate all racial inequalities and poverty in the country, other issues in health care, education, and living conditions suburbs and urban areas. President Johnson first started with fixing issues America by cutting taxes. In doing so, the Gross Nation Product rose ten percent and a full economic growth by almost five percent within only a few years. During this time of economic reform and growth, the Civil Rights Movement was taking full strides and segregation was growing as well (1960s). In 1964, shortly after Johnsons Presidential campaign took ride, he began passing legislation that Kennedy could not. Not until the death of President Kennedy and sorrow that came with it, was Johnson able to manipulate and convince members of the House to pass such revolutionary and controversial pieces of legislation that would shape America forever. Kennedy, being a youthful and confident president with liberal ideas had trouble getting the House to pass legislation that he was initiating. Another issue was that President Kennedy was the first Catholic president elected which brought some distilled proars among the House. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first main pieces of legislation to be passed. This act disallowed segregation and racial discrimination in all public institutions and the workforce. Equality reforms in voting took place the following year. The Voters Rights Act of 1965 allowed all minorities to have an equal say in voting and registration. Meeting financial and health needs began progressing with the passing of the Social Security Act of 1965. This act introduced Medicare to the public and provided the elderly with more funding from the government. Lastly, education began receiving needed benefits when the Higher Education Act of 1965 amplified federal money given to universities. This helped enable low-interest loans and scholarships, which gave hope for higher education to all students of America. At the same time, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provided significant federal aid to public schools. The legislation passed because of the cry by the youth of America and vision of Lyndon B. Johnson paved the way for the future of the nation. Without the determination of President Johnson, the entire nation might not have received the remuneration it needed. There were many reasons why Goldwater lost the presidential election in 1964, some of which were out of his control. The death of Kennedy provided sympathy to the democratic side and with the economy being stable at the time, the incumbent candidate, Johnson, received great press from the media. This then allowed his face to be that of America at the time and what the future could hold. Goldwater had issues to begin with while trying to revolutionize his extreme right mindset, which alienated the moderate wing of the party. This then split up the party, which made it almost impossible for Goldwater to receive the support he needed from the Republican Party. Goldwater was unlike most conservatives in American society at the time. His ideas in his book The Conscience of a Conservative brought forth alternative ideas to the liberal mindset that was being brought forth through such a time of change and democratic reform. In his book, Goldwater made it clear that the difference between Conservatives and Liberals was that Liberals tended to be more materialistic while Conservatives looked at the entirety of a man. He also felt as though all Liberals needed was economic and social satisfaction while Conservatives believed that along with economic stability, one’s spiritual stability was only secured by oneself, not from outside sources (Goldwater 4). Although Goldwater was unsuccessful in creating a more conservative America, he did create a foundation as to what America could have been if he had been elected president. For one, Goldwater believed that if a state felt it were fit, that separate but equal was suitable. He also felt strongly in the role of local and state governments as opposed to big governments. So, looking at this, and although it does seem like a plausible ideology that could possibly work to get the freedoms of each individual, each state would almost be as if it were its own country. There were could be roughly fifty small nations inside of one giant nation that all followed different rules. This would lead to a completely divided country where there could be complete anarchy in each state, if wanted. With one central government, Americans are allowed to share what they feel are the most important issues, like the SDS did, and have the leaders in which were elected by the people, do their best to fix them. Goldwater also believed that consumer prices and huge tax bills kept hindered the work of farmers. He felt as though big taxes and consumer prices in business kept less productive farmers in the business, thus taking some finances from more productive farmers. His thoughts were that there should be no regulations at all and that all farmers should be in a free open market fighting against them. In addition to taxes, Goldwater felt strongly about a man’s right to property. Goldwater felt that what a man earned was what one puts on their property. And, a tax on property, was therefore a tax on their wages, and in Goldwater’s eyes, a tax on wages was a tax on freedom. The tax on man’s property was parallel to his thought that one should have privacy to their should be dictated by the â€Å"†¦individuals and families, by churches, private hospitals, religious service organizations, community charities and other institutions that have been established for this purpose† (Goldwater 68). His views related to the freedom of the spirit and material of a man and that in a capitalistic society, taking away the responsibility of a man’s materials means taking away the entire freedom of a man. Goldwater felt strongly about the power of state and local governments over big governments. He felt as though each state should hold its laws against tax, segregation, and education as opposed to one government holding it for the entire nation. He felt as though this was the only way in which each individual man could be responsible for his own property and individual rights. If one was unsatisfied with the right held in a state, they then could move to a body of people that held their same views. Goldwater’s ideologies and philosophies were ideas of what would later be viewed as revolutionary in the common conservative. Barry Golderwater’s book, The Conscience of a Conservative, his extremist ideologies, along with feelings set forth by the SDS, and the legislations put through under President Johnson were all huge impacts on America. Goldwater, although lost in a landslide, built the foundation for the modern era Republican. Without his thoughts and ideals about local and state governments over big governments, small businesses getting the same share as big businesses, and freedom is most important value in American society, the thoughts of Republicans could be left completely one-sided and concrete. The â€Å"Port Huron Statement† brought about the idea for American citizens to have a voice, and for the youth of America to stand up and think for them. No longer will people rely on others to make all decisions for them. Tom Hayden was revolutionary in free speech and standing up for what he believed in. He felt as though there were issues in America and unjust laws that needed to be re-established. Without his and the SDS, students of America might be completely different rules. Lastly, Lyndon B.  Johnson and the reform of the Great Society was the stepping-stone to true freedom in America. First, without Hayden and SDS, Johnson might not have responded with such an enlightening reform. Passing acts that allowed all races to have the same equalities, educational funding which enabled all students the right to a better education, and elderly money to live and be healthy all paved the way for America in the future. Without all three, America might have been a completely different nation.Work Cited http://www.history.com/topics/1960s http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=17198

Notes Chapter 21 WWI - 1292 Words

PART SIX THE MOST RECENT CENTURY 1914–2010 Chapter 21—The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, 1914–1970s CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES: †¢ To examine the history of Europe between 1914 and the 1970s as an organic whole made up of closely interconnected parts †¢ To consider the repercussions of nationalism and colonialism in Europe and Japan †¢ To increase student awareness of the effects of the two world wars †¢ To help students imagine the appeal of totalitarian movements in the twentieth century KEY TERMS: blitzkrieg: German term meaning â€Å"lightning war,† used to describe Germany’s novel military tactics in World War II, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. (pron. BLITS-kreeg) European†¦show more content†¦New Deal: A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. Nuremberg Laws: Series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German parliament in 1935 that forbade sexual relations between Jews and other Germans and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of David. Revolutionary Right (Japan): Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in Japanese political life ca. 1930–1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to foreign expansion. total war: War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy. Treaty of Versailles: 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II. (pron. vare-SIGH) Triple Alliance: An alliance consisting of Germany, Austria, and Italy that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I. Triple Entente: An alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I. United Nations: International peacekeeping organization and forum for international opinion,Show MoreRelatedVex Robotics : 3. 1 Student Council Challenges1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe spring. The Chapter Officers are headed to Fall Leadership Conference this week to network with other TSA officers, members and the State Officer team. They will be learning about setting up a work plan, professionalism and a host of other topics throughout the day. †¢ The History Club is going to Fort Miles on November 9th, for a WWI presentation by Mr. McDuff. †¢ The Marching Band received 2nd Place and Best Color Guard at Chapter Championships this past Saturday, October 21, 2017. 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These labor shortages appeared to be an opportunity that offered African American for employment in steel, shipbuilding, and automotive industries, meat packing factoriesRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 Pages North American s lavery was not monolithic nor were the experiences of those who endured it. Ira Berlin’s Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), notes regional variations. For aspects of slavery outside the 7 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ traditional parameters where cotton was king, see Wilma A. Dunaway, Slavery in the American Mountain South (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) and http://scholar.lib.vt

Tips for Using a Tree as a Hedge Plant

Hedges provide privacy and beauty in  landscape  design. Many trees are well suited for hedges, but its important to consider the purpose of the hedge and the growing conditions of the site when selecting a  tree.  Different tree species will have different characteristics and site needs. Selecting Trees for Hedges Remember that you will have to dedicate much more space to a tree than to shrubs. Abide by the trees minimum spacing requirement, which can be found at your nursery. Deciduous trees in a hedge generally provide screening only during the spring/summer growing season. Evergreen trees, both broad and narrow-leaved types, are effective year-round hedges. Sometimes a flowering tree is desirable. Such trees may be pruned periodically but should be allowed to grow in their natural informal shape. Planting The planting space required will vary based on the type of tree and the purpose of the hedge. For the most part, you will have to dedicate more space to a tree than to shrubs.   Conifers used for tall screens require little trimming and should be spaced about six feet apart. Trees for informal or untrimmed hedges should be spaced farther apart than trimmed hedges. To assure a thicker hedge, place plants in a double row. Training and Care Trees do not take training and pruning as well as shrubs. Most trees cannot be rejuvenated by pruning back to ground level. Trees do not fill in as well when topped - and most should not be topped. Shrubs will grow to fill the hedge much quicker than trees. Since trees take longer to fill in space and are planted farther apart, the initial planting may look sparse and take several years to achieve their desired appearance. Be patient and give your tree the time it needs. Recommended Trees for Windbreaks and Privacy Hedges White Fir or Abies concolor  (grows to 65): This large, evergreen tree has a silver-green to blue color and is not as vigorous as other large evergreens.American Arborvitae or Thuja occidentalis (  grows to 30):  These trees are useful for windbreaks or screens. Do not use in hot dry situations.Amur Maple or Acer ginnala (grows to 20):  Dense and compact, this tree requires little pruning and is useful for large windbreaks and screens.Carolina Hemlock or Tsuga caroliniana (grows to 60):  This dense compact evergreen tree can be used for windbreaks or screens.Cornelian Cherry or Cornus mas (grows to 24):  This is a dense and compact tree that grows small yellow flowers in early April and red fruit in the summer.  American Beech or Fagus grandifolia (grows to 90):  Another dense compact tree that is useful for windbreaks or screens. It is usually expensive and may be difficult to transplant.  American Holly or llex opaca (grows to 45):  A thorny broad-leaved evergre en with colorful fruits, the tree may be winter injured in northern areas.Chinese Juniper or Juniperus chinensis ‘Keteleeri’ (grows to 20): This is a loose evergreen with light-medium green leaves and a pyramidal form.Canaerti Juniper or Juniperus virginiana ‘Canaertii’ (grows to 35):  This is an Eastern red cedar cultiva with dark green leaves and pyramidal form.Osage Orange or Maclura pomifera (grows to 40):  Use this dense and compact thorny habit only for tall hedges where other plants won’t survive. Its useful for windbreaks or screens.  Leyland cypress (grows to 50): This fast-growing, beautiful, and dense conifer can quickly outgrow its space and subject to major canker disease. Plant with caution.Norway Spruce (grows to 60): This dense compact narrow-leaved evergreen tree needs consistent shearing but is useful for windbreaks or screens.Eastern White Pine or Pinus strobus (grows to 80):  This is another dense compact evergreen that ne eds shearing but is useful for windbreaks or screens.Douglas fir or Pseudotsuga menziesii  (grows to 80):  Heres another dense compact evergreen tree excellent for windbreaks or screens. However, it can be difficult to grow in some locations.